What are the common types of vascular access used for hemodialysis?

The common types of vascular access used for hemodialysis include arteriovenous (AV) fistulas, AV grafts, and central venous catheters. This selection reflects the primary methods by which vascular access is established to enable efficient and effective dialysis treatment.

AV fistulas are created by surgically connecting an artery directly to a vein, typically in the forearm, which prompts the vein to grow larger and stronger over time. This creates a reliable and durable access point that is often favored for its longevity and lower risk of complications such as infection or clotting.

AV grafts involve the use of a synthetic tube to connect an artery to a vein when an AV fistula is not viable, providing a secondary option for patients who may not have suitable veins for a fistula.

Central venous catheters are used in situations where immediate access is required or when other forms of access cannot be used. Although not as preferred due to a higher risk of infection and other complications, they remain a common form of access in clinical practice, particularly for short-term dialysis needs.

In contrast, peripheral artery access and central artery access are not commonly employed for routine hemodialysis due to their potential for complications and the requirement for more invasive procedures